Journal: Cognitive Neurodynamics

Article Title: A novel paradigm for observational learning in rats

doi: 10.1007/s11571-023-10022-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Histological verification of electrode placement. A Nissl-stained tissue section showing the termination point of a bipolar stimulating electrode targeting the medial forebrain-bundle. Scalebar = 2000 μm

Article Snippet: Stimulating electrodes were 13 mm long twisted stainless-steel wires coated with polyimide (125 μm diameter, 150 μm with insulation; MS303/3-B/SPC, Plastics One, Canada).

Techniques: Staining

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: A spatial code for temporal information is necessary for efficient sensory learning

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adr6214

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Sketch of experimental setup for simultaneous patterned optogenetic stimulation and single-unit recording in AC and for intrinsic imaging. ( B ) AC window showing the location of a stimulation spot along the tonotopic axis of the primary auditory field (A1) with 64-channel silicon probe inserted via a hole in the coverglass (top right) to record single-unit responses to light patterns and illustrative data from three channels. ( C ) Responses of four AC neurons to different optogenetic stimulation patterns illustrating how spatiotemporal and spatial codes are extracted. ( D ) Sketch of the temporal modulation patterns applied to a single spot on the AC. ( E and F ) Z -scored responses of 344 single units to the 15 Hz high rate versus and 4 Hz high rate (E) and 15 Hz high rate versus 4 Hz low rate stimulations (F) ordered by preference for 15-Hz versus 4-Hz stimulation. Right: Difference in each neuron’s average firing rate between stimulations. ( G ) Accuracy of a neural decoder trained to discriminate between the optogenetic patterns based only on spatial information or with spatiotemporal information ( n = 344 units, bootstrap over units). ( H ) Sketch of the relative timing patterns applied to two spots A and B and the purely spatial pattern applied to either A or B. ( I and J ) Z -scored responses of 344 single units to A, B stimulations (I) and AB, BA stimulations (J), ordered by preference for A versus B stimulation. Right: Difference in each neuron’s average firing rate between stimulations. ( K ) Accuracy of a neural decoder trained to discriminate between the optogenetic patterns based only on spatial information or with spatiotemporal information ( n = 344 units, bootstrap over units).

Article Snippet: For MFB stimulation, a bipolar stimulation electrode (60-μm-diameter twisted stainless steel, PlasticsOne) was implanted using stereotaxic coordinates (antero-posterior−1.4, medio-lateral +1.2, dorso-ventral +4.8).

Techniques: Single-unit Recording, Imaging

Journal: Science Advances

Article Title: A spatial code for temporal information is necessary for efficient sensory learning

doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adr6214

Figure Lengend Snippet: ( A ) Sketch of experimental setup for behavioral discrimination of patterned optogenetic stimulation in AC and cranial window from an example mouse showing the location of the stimulation spots in the tonotopic axis of the primary auditory field. ( B ) Sample lick traces (top) and mean lick signal (bottom) for Go and NoGo trials in the task with temporal modulation and firing rate cues that the mouse successfully learnt (left) and in the task with temporal modulation cues only in which the mouse failed to discriminate (right). ( C ) Learning curves for an example mouse performing the two tasks with temporal modulation. ( D ) Learning curves for all mice performing the tasks with temporal modulation ( n = 7, error bars are SEM). ( E ) Accuracy at 2500 trials for all mice (paired Wilcoxon test, P = 0.031, signed rank value = 21, n = 6). ( F ) Learning curves for an example mouse performing the relative temporal order task and the spatial pattern task. ( G ) Learning curves for all mice performing each task ( n = 7, error bars are SEM). ( H ) Accuracy at 2500 trials for all mice (paired Wilcoxon test, P = 0.032, signed rank value = 27, n = 7).

Article Snippet: For MFB stimulation, a bipolar stimulation electrode (60-μm-diameter twisted stainless steel, PlasticsOne) was implanted using stereotaxic coordinates (antero-posterior−1.4, medio-lateral +1.2, dorso-ventral +4.8).

Techniques: